Views: 33 Author: Unibest Industrial Publish Time: 2023-09-26 Origin: Site
Antiretroviral drugs have evolved significantly over time, with new drugs continuously being developed. The analysis below provides some insights into the development timeline, the focus on drug classes, and the use of drugs in combination formulations.
The following timeline summarizes the development of major drug classes over time:
1. 1980s-1990s: Early development of Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NRTIs), the earliest class to be approved, such as Zidovudine (Retrovir) in 1987, followed by Abacavir (Ziagen) and Lamivudine (Epivir) in 1998 and 1995 respectively.
2. 1990s-2000s: Focus on the development of Non-nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NNRTIs) and Protease Inhibitors (PIs).
3. Mid-2000s - Present: Intensive development of Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitors (INSTIs) and a new wave of different drug classes such as Fusion Inhibitors, CCR5 Antagonists, and others.
It is important to note that the development of different drug classes has been primarily based on overcoming the limitations of previous drugs, as well as improving the effectiveness and reducing the side effects.
generic name | drug class | brand name | approval date | combinations |
---|---|---|---|---|
abacavir | NRTIs | Ziagen | 1998/12/17 | Epzicom, Triumeq, Triumeq PD, Trizivir |
emtricitabine | NRTIs | Emtriva | 2003/07/02 | Biktarvy, Symtuza, Atripla, Genvoya, Stribild, Odefsey, Complera, Descovy, Truvada |
lamivudine | NRTIs | Epivir | 1995/11/17 | Epzicom, Triumeq, Triumeq PD, Trizivir, Dovato, Delstrigo, Symfi, Symi Lo, Cimduo, Combivir |
tenofovir disoproxil fumarate | NRTIs | Viread | 2001/10/26 | Delstrigo, Atripla, Stribild, Complera, Truvada, Cimduo |
tenofovir alafenamide fumarate | NRTIs | Biktarvy, Symtuza, Symfi, Symi Lo, Genvoya, Odefsey, Descovy | ||
zidovudine | NRTIs | Retrovir | 1987/03/19 | Trizivir, Combivir |
doravirine | NNRTIs | Pifeltro | 2018/08/30 | Delstrigo |
efavirenz | NNRTIs | Sustiva | 1998/09/17 | Atripla, Symfi, Symi Lo |
etravirine | NNRTIs | Intelence | 2008/01/18 | |
nevirapine | NNRTIs | Viramune | 2011/03/25 | |
extended-release nevirapine | NNRTIs | Viramune XR | 2011/05/20 | |
rilpivirine | NNRTIs | Cabenuva, Juluca, Odefsey, Complera | ||
atazanavir | PIs | Reyataz | 2003/06/20 | Evotaz |
darunavir | PIs | Prezista | 2006/06/23 | Symtuza |
fosamprenavir | PIs | Lexiva | 2003/10/20 | |
ritonavir | PIs | Norvir | 1996/03/01 | Kaletra |
tipranavir | PIs | Aptivus | 2005/06/22 | |
opinavir | PIs | Kaletra | ||
enfuvirtide | Fusion Inhibtors, g41 | Fuzeon | 2003/03/13 | |
maraviroc | CCR5 Antagonists | Selzentry | 2007/08/06 | |
cabotegravir | INSTIs | Vocabria | 2021/01/22 | Cabenuva |
dolutegravir | INSTIs | Trivicay | 2013/08/12 | Triumeq, Triumeq PD, Dovato, Juluca |
dolutegravir sodium | INSTIs | Trivicay PD | 2020/06/12 | |
raltegravir | INSTIs | Isentress | 2007/10/12 | |
raltegravir potassium | INSTIs | Isentress HD | 2017/05/26 | |
elvitegravir | INSTIs | Genvoya, Stribild | ||
bictegravir | INSTIs | Biktarvy | ||
fostemsavir | Fusion Inhibtors, gp120 | Rukobia | 2020/07/02 | |
ibalizumab | Post-attachment inhibitors, CD4 | Trogarzo | 2018/03/06 | |
lenacapavir | Capsid inhibitors | Sunlenca | 2022/12/22 | |
cobicistat | PK enhancers | Tybost | 2014/09/24 | Evotaz, Symtuza, Genvoya |
NRTIs lead the charge in terms of combination formulations. Nearly every NRTI listed, such as Emtricitabine (Emtriva), Lamivudine (Epivir), and Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (Viread), are used in multiple combination therapies.
INSTIs are also increasingly used in combination formulations, notably Dolutegravir (Trivicay) and Cabotegravir (Vocabria).
Drug Class Distribution in Combination Formulations.png
Among all the drugs, Emtricitabine and Lamivudine are the two drug most frequently found in different combinations, suggesting a high versatility and effectiveness when it comes to treating HIV infection.
Antiretroviral Drug in Combination Formulations.png
In conclusion, these insights suggest that while the focus has shifted from NRTIs towards more novel classes like INSTIs and capsid inhibitor, drugs from these early classes like NRTIs still play a key role, particularly in combination treatments. This probably indicates the efficacy of the drug in synergy with others and its continued relevance in the fight against HIV, despite the development of newer drug classes. However, this tendency for combinations also indicates the complexity of HIV treatment, underlining the need for a personalized and integrated treatment approach.